1 Martin Buber, in A.I. Rabin, Kibbutz Studies: A Digest of Books and Articles on the Kibbutz by Social Scientists, Educators, and Others (USA: Michigan State University Press, 1971) 18.
2 Martin Buber, in A.I. Rabin, Kibbutz Studies, 18.
3 David Leichman and Idit Paz, editors, Kibbutz: An Alternative Lifestyle (Israel: Yad Tebenkin: 1994) 277-9.
4 Joseph Bussel, in Henry Near, The Kibbutz Movement: A History, Volume I (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992) 29.
5 Bussel, in Near, 52.
6 I have chosen to concentrate only on the secular kibbutzim in this paper, because equality takes on a different meaning in the context of traditional Orthodox Jewish religion.
7 Melford Spiro, Gender and Culture: Kibbutz Women Revisited, (North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1979) 6.
8 Spiro, Gender, 7.
9 Spiro, Gender, 7.
10 Michael Nathan, "Counterrevolution Without Revolution?," in Michal Palgi, Joseph Raphael Blasi, Menachem Rosner, and Marilyn Safir, editors, Sexual Equality: The Israeli Kibbutz Tests the Theories (Norwood: Norwood Editions, 1983) 222-3.
11 Near, 50.
12 Near, 51.
13 Joseph Bussell, in Near, 50.
14 Lionel Tiger and Joseph Shepher, Women in the Kibbutz (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich: 1975) 269.
15 Ester, in Amia Lieblich, Kibbutz Makom: Report from an Israeli Kibbutz (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981) 82.
16 Nima, in Lieblich, 260.
17Spiro, Gender.
18 Nima, in Lieblich, 261.
19 Iris, in Lieblich, 105.
20 Alison Bowes, "Israeli Kibbutz Women: Conflict in Utopia," in Rosemary Ridd and Hellen Callaway, editors, Women and Political Conflict: Portraits of Struggle in Times of Crisis (New York: New York University Press, 1987) 147.
21 Shoshana Livne, "Vocational Aspirations and Choice of Adolescent Girls," in Zvi Lavi, editor, Kibbutz Members Study Kibbutz Children (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990).154.
22 Tiger and Shepher, 180.
23 Dorit Padan-Eisenstark, "Girls' Education in the Kibbutz," in Sexual Equality, 210.
24 Marilyn Safir, "Sex Role Socialization: Education in the Kibbutz, in Sexual Equality, 216.
25 Livne, 150.
26 Safir, 216.
27 Efrat, in Lieblich, 298.
28 Bowes, 142.
29 Bowes, 143.
30 Spiro, Gender, 15.
31 Tiger and Shepher, 17.
32 Tiger and Shepher, 228.
33 A.I. Rabin, "The Sexes: Ideology and Reality in the Israeli Kibbutz," in George H. Seward and Robert C. Williamson, Sex Roles in Changing Society (New York: Random House, 1970) 303.
34 Rabin, in Sex Roles, 305.
35 Spiro, Gender, 18.
36 Spiro, Gender, 18.
37 Spiro, Gender, 21.
38 Spiro, Gender, 47.
39 Nathan, 223.
40 Nathan, 226.
41 Spiro, Gender, 57-8.
42 Barrows, 1990, in Shelagh A. Gallagher, William J. Stepien, and Hilary Rosenthal, "The Effects of a Problem-Based Learning On Problem Solving." Gifted Child Quarterly, 36: 195-200 (Fall 1992).
43 This is, of course, an exaggeration. There are many women who enjoy these positions. However, the number who don't--but are still pressured into them--is exceptionally large.
44 It also requires capital in order invest in the technology, but the long-term benefits should make it an economically sound decision.
45 This stipulation, of course, conflicts with the other fundamental concept of kibbutz ideology, "from each according to his abilities, and to each according to his needs." I include it because the kibbutz needs to keep its financial responsibilities in mind when offering such an opportunity; I leave it to the members of each kibbutz to find a way to implement this practice without violating their ideology.
47 Ira Harkavy and Lee Benson, Syllabus for Seminar in Urban University--Community Relationships: Penn-West Philadelphia as a Strategic Test Case.
48 Lea Alterman, "The Project Method: Elementary Schools," in A.I. Rabin and Bertha Hazan, eds, Collective Education in the Kibbutz: From Infancy to Maturity (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1973) 88.
49 Miriam Ben-Paratz and Zvi Lavi, "Curriculum Autonomy in the Kibbutz School," in Kibbutz Members, 163..
50 Efrat, in Lieblich, 295.
51 Yehuda, in Lieblich, 10.